Consciousness Is What Makes The Mind-body Problem

What Is It Like To Be A Bat? What Is It Like For A Bat To Be A Bat?

What We Take Ourselves To Be Doing When We Think About What Is The Case Or How We Should Act Is Something That Cannot Be Reconciled With A Reductive Naturalism, For Reasons Distinct From Those That Entail The Irreducibility Of Consciousness. It Is Not Merely The Subjectivity Of Thought But Its Capacity To Transcend Subjectivity And To Discover What Is Objectively The Case That Presents A Problem....thought And Reasoning Are Correct Or Incorrect In Virtue Of Something Independent Of The Thinker's Beliefs, And Even Independent Of The Community Of Thinkers To Which He Belongs. (p. 71)

Reason Is Universal Because No Attempted Challenge To Its Results Can Avoid Appealing To Reason In The End-by Claiming, For Example, That What Was Presented As An Argument Is Really A Rationalization. This Can Undermine Our Confidence In The Original Method Or Practice Only By Giving Us Reasons To Believe Something Else, So That Finally We Have To Think About The Arguments To Make Up Our Minds.

To Look For A Single General Theory Of How To Decide The Right Thing To Do Is Like Looking For A Single Theory Of How To Decide What To Believe.

Equally Real At All Stages Of His Life; Specifically, The Fact That A Particular Stage Is Present Cannot Be Regarded As Conferring On It Any Special Status.