Mathematics Is As Little A Science As

Biology Can Be Divided Into The Study Of Proximate Causes, The Study Of The Physiological Sciences (broadly Conceived), And Into The Study Of Ultimate (evolutionary) Causes, The Subject Of Natural History.

A New Species Develops If A Population Which Has Become Geographically Isolated From Its Parental Species Acquires During This Period Of Isolation Characters Which Promote Or Guarantee Reproductive Isolation When The External Barriers Break Down.

The Issue, As Correctly Emphasized By Carl Sagan, Is The Probability Of The Evolution Of High Intelligence And An Electronic Civilization On An Inhabited World. Once We Have Life (and Almost Surely It Will Be Very Different From Life On Earth), What Is The Probability Of Its Developing A Lineage With High Intelligence? On Earth, Among Millions Of Lineages Of Organisms And Perhaps 50 Billion Speciation Events, Only One Led To High Intelligence; This Makes Me Believe In Its Utter Improbability.

I Feel That One Species, Mankind, Doesn't Have The Right To Exterminate

All Interpretations Made By A Scientist Are Hypotheses, And All Hypotheses Are Tentative. They Must Forever Be Tested And They Must Be Revised If Found To Be Unsatisfactory. Hence, A Change Of Mind In A Scientist, And Particularly In A Great Scientist, Is Not Only Not A Sign Of Weakness But Rather Evidence For Continuing Attention To The Respective Problem And An Ability To Test The Hypothesis Again And Again.