Research Under A Paradigm Must Be A

No Part Of The Aim Of Normal Science Is To Call Forth New Sorts Of Phenomena; Indeed Those That Will Not Fit The Box Are Often Not Seen At All. Nor Do Scientists Normally Aim To Invent New Theories, And They Are Often Intolerant Of Those Invented By Others.

As In Political Revolutions, So In Paradigm Choice--there Is No Standard Higher Than The Assent Of The Relevant Community. To Discover How Scientific Revolutions Are Effected, We Shall Therefore Have To Examine Not Only The Impact Of Nature And Of Logic, But Also The Techniques Of Persuasive Argumentation Effective Within The Quite Special Groups That Constitute The Community Of Scientists.

Every Important Idea In Science Sounds Strange At First.

Though The World Does Not Change With A Change Of Paradigm, The Scientist Afterward Works In A Different World... I Am Convinced That We Must Learn To Make Sense Of Statements That At Least Resemble These. What Occurs During A Scientific Revolution Is Not Fully Reducible To A Re-interpretation Of Individual And Stable Data. In The First Place, The Data Are Not Unequivocally Stable.

Groups Do Not Have Experiences Except Insofar As All Their Members Do. And There Are No Experiences... That All The Members Of A Scientific Community Must Share In The Course Of A [scientific] Revolution. Revolutions Should Be Described Not In Terms Of Group Experience But In Terms Of The Varied Experiences Of Individual Group Members. Indeed, That Variety Itself Turns Out To Play An Essential Role In The Evolution Of Scientific Knowledge.